Solar photovoltaic panels
Today, more than 2 billion people in the world still depend on firewood, gas and kerosene for cooking and heating. These sources of fuel, as well as lack of access to electricity, leading to significant negative impacts on health, environment and economic development.

At present, the introduction of alternative energy, autonomous and decentralized, in many countries is more profitable, both economic and environmental point of view. Fossil fuel is becoming a source of energy yesterday, which can not ensure sustainable development of mankind in the long run. Today, looking bravely to the future other forms of energy, one-solar power.

Central Asia - a sunny area, so the use of solar photovoltaic panels are particularly relevant.

FotoelektrichestvoSolnechnaya solar photovoltaic system - is solar power plant, which uses the method of direct energy conversion of sunlight into electricity. Set consists of a set of solar modules - panels, placed on a support structure or roof of a dwelling house, the battery charge controller, battery level, and inverter, to the case where it is necessary to have the voltage of alternating current.

Solar panels are a key component for the construction of photovoltaic systems. They were collected from individual solar cells, the principle of which is based on the phenomenon of the internal photoeffect in semiconductors. In the photoelectric converters of solar energy used silicon additives other elements that make up the structure with p-n-switch. Moreover, the thickness of a semiconductor is not more than 0,2-0,3 mm.

The same can be 2 types of PV systems: standalone and connected to the electrical network. The stations are given a second type of excess electric power to the network, which serves as a reserve in case of a domestic shortage of electric energy. For example, the setting for cottages may consist of two PV panels with total capacity of 100 watts and the battery for 100 ampere hours. Such a device could generate enough energy for lighting, work on your TV, small refrigerator and a pump for irrigation.

Solar PV systems have several advantages:

     * The work is mechanically very simple, there are no rotating parts and does not need maintenance, except for periodic cleaning of the solar panels.
     * Solar panels produce electricity, which can store in batteries and used depending on the capacity of the battery.
     * The development of electrical energy photovoltaic process very quiet and did not produce any carbon dioxide and other toxic fumes.
     * Photovoltaic solar panels are indispensable in inaccessible and remote areas where laying lines economically inefficient.

Silicon from which solar cells are produced, called "oil-21 th century." Calculations show that the solar cell with efficiency of 15%, which went up 1 kg of silicon, for 30 years of service can produce 300 MVtch electricity. Equal amount of power can ¬ tion, has used 75 tons of oil (taking into account the efficiency of thermal power plants 33% and calorific value of oil 43.7 MJ / kg). Thus ¬ time, 1 kg of silicon is equivalent to 75 tons of oil.

Depending on how the atoms arranged in the silicon crystal solar cells are divided into types:

     * Solar cells from single-crystal silicon
     * Solar cells from polycrystalline silicon
     * Solar cells from amorphous silicon

Solar modules of single-crystal silicon

Solar Photovoltaics

Monocrystalline elements have the highest energy conversion efficiency. The main material-highly pure silicon, which are made from monocrystal solar panel, a well-developed in the field of semiconductor manufacturing. Silicon boule grows to seed, slowly stretched from the silicon melt. The rods obtained in this way, cut into pieces with thickness from 0,2 to 0,4 mm.

These drives are subjected to a number of manufacturing operations, such as:

• obtachivanie, polishing and cleaning;
• the imposition of protective coatings;
• metallization;
• antirefleksionnoe coating.

Solar modules of the polycrystalline silicon

Solar silicon fotoelektrichestvoPolikristallichesky develops when the silicon melt is cooled slowly and under control. The production of polycrystalline panels stretching operation is omitted, it is less energy-intensive and much cheaper. However, inside the crystal of polycrystalline silicon, there are areas which are separated grainy borders, causing less efficiency elements.
Efficiency of solar panels on the basis of polycrystalline silicon is 10-12%.

Solar modules of amorphous silicon
Solar Photovoltaics
Amorphous silicon is produced with the help of «technology evaporative phase», where the thin film of silicon is deposited on the carrier material is coated and protected. This technique has several disadvantages and advantages:

• the process of production of solar panels based on amorphous silicon for a simple and inexpensive;
• possibly, production of large area;
• low power consumption.

However:

• conversion efficiency is much lower than in the crystal cell;
• the elements have been degraded.
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